This document contains final regulations that provide for the replacement of the 30-day IBOR rate presently referenced by § 1.882-5(d)(5)(ii)(B) with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) of the same tenor, plus a fixed spread adjustment.

IRS Notices and other guidance cited in this preamble are published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin (or Cumulative Bulletin) and are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or by visiting the IRS website at https://www.irs.gov.

The principal authors of these regulations are D. Peter Merkel and Caleb W. Trimm of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (International). However, other personnel from the IRS and Treasury Department participated in their development.

List of Subjects in 26 CFR Part 1

Income taxes, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Adoption of Amendments to the Regulations

Accordingly, the Treasury Department and IRS amend 26 CFR part 1 as follows:

PART 1—INCOME TAXES

Paragraph 1. The authority citation for part 1 is amended by revising the entry for § 1.882-5 to read in part as follows:

Authority: 26 U.S.C. 7805 * * *

* * * * *

Section 1.882-5 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 882(c), 26 U.S.C. 864(e), 26 U.S.C. 988(d), and 26 U.S.C. 7701(l).

* * * * *

Par. 2. Section 1.882-5 is amended by revising the fourth sentence of paragraph (a)(7)(i) and paragraphs (d)(5)(ii)(B) and (f) to read as follows:

§ 1.882-5 Determination of interest deduction.

(a) * * *

(7) * * *

(i) * * * An elected method (other than the fair market value method under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, or the published rate election in paragraph (d)(5)(ii) of this section) must be used for a minimum period of five years before the taxpayer may elect a different method. * * *

* * * * *

(d) * * *

(5) * * *

(ii) * * *

(B) Annual published rate election—(1) In general. For each taxable year in which a taxpayer is a bank within the meaning of section 585(a)(2)(B) (without regard to the second sentence of section 585(a)(2)(B) or whether any such activities are effectively connected with a trade or business within the United States), the taxpayer may elect to compute the interest expense attributable to excess U.S.-connected liabilities by using the average published one-month Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate published by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Group Benchmark Administration, Ltd. (or any successor administrator) (“Term SOFR”) for the taxable year, plus a static spread adjustment of 0.11448%, rather than the interest rate provided in paragraph (d)(5)(ii)(A) of this section. A taxpayer may elect to apply the rate provided in this paragraph (d)(5)(ii)(B) on an annual basis and does not require the consent of the Commissioner to change this election in a subsequent taxable year. If a taxpayer that is eligible to make the published rate election either does not file a timely return or files a calculation with no excess U.S.-connected liabilities and it is later determined by the Director of Field Operations that the taxpayer has excess U.S.-connected liabilities, then the Director of Field Operations will apply the interest rate provided under this paragraph (d)(5)(ii)(B) to the taxpayer’s excess U.S.-connected liabilities in determining interest expense.

(2) Transitional rule for taxable years including June 30, 2023. For a taxable year that includes June 30, 2023, a taxpayer that makes the annual published rate election must compute the interest expense attributable to excess U.S.-connected liabilities by ratably using the average 30-day U.S. dollar London Interbank Offered Rate for the portion of its taxable year ending on June 30, 2023, and the average one-month Term SOFR, plus a static spread adjustment of 0.11448%, for the portion of its taxable year beginning on July 1, 2023.

* * * * *

(f) Applicability date—(1) General rule. Except as provided in paragraph (f)(3) of this section, this section is applicable for tax years ending on or after August 15, 2009. A taxpayer, however, may choose to apply § 1.882-5T, rather than applying the regulations in this section, for any taxable year beginning on or after August 16, 2008, but before August 15, 2009.

(2) [Reserved]

(3) Applicability date for published rate election. Paragraphs (a)(7)(i) and (d)(5)(ii)(B) of this section apply to taxable years ending after June 30, 2023. For taxable years ending before July 1, 2023, see § 1.882-5(d)(5)(ii)(B) (as contained in 26 CFR part 1, revised as of April 1, 2023).

Douglas W. O’Donnell,

Deputy Commissioner for Services and Enforcement.

Approved: June 19, 2023.

Lily Batchelder,

Assistant Secretary of the Treasury (Tax Policy).

(Filed by the Office of the Federal Register June 29, 2023, 8:45 a.m., and published in the issue of the Federal Register for June 30, 2023, 88 FR 42231)

¹ The synthetic USD LIBOR will be the Term SOFR of the same tenor (published by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Group Benchmark Administration, Ltd.), plus a fixed spread adjustment of 0.11448%, 0.26161%, or 0.42826% for the one-, three-, and six-month tenors, respectively. Financial Conduct Authority, Article 23D Benchmarks Regulation Draft Notice of Requirements (April 3, 2023), https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/libor-notices/article-23d-benchmarks-regulation-usd-draft-notice-requirements.pdf. This rate is not considered representative because it uses a synthetic methodology to determine rates instead of the panel bank methodology that has historically been used to determine IBORs.

² For an explanation of the SOFR averaging calculation, see Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Additional Information About the Reference Rates Administered by the New York Fed, https://www.newyorkfed.org/markets/reference-rates/additional-information-about-reference-rates.

Section 45 was amended by section 13101 of Public Law 117-169, 136 Stat. 1818 (August 16, 2022), commonly known as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA). The IRA changed the manner in which the section 45 credit amounts are calculated for any qualified facility placed in service after December 31, 2021. The IRA also removed the one-half reduction of the credit amount under section 45(b)(4)(A) for qualified hydropower facilities and marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy facilities placed in service after December 31, 2022. In the case of any qualified facility placed in service before January 1, 2022, the section 45 credit amounts are determined under the calculation rules provided by the prior version of section 45.

As amended by the IRA, section 45(b)(6)(A) provides that, in the case of any qualified facility that satisfies the requirements of section 45(b)(6)(B), the credit amount determined under section 45(a) (determined after the application of section 45(b)(1) through (5) and without regard to section 45(b)(6)) is equal to such amount multiplied by 5. A qualified facility satisfies the requirements of section 45(b)(6)(B) if it is placed in service after December 31, 2021, and it is one of the following: (i) a facility with a maximum net output of less than 1 megawatt (as measured in alternating current); (ii) a facility the construction of which began prior to January 29, 2023, which is the date that is 60 days after the publication of the guidance with respect to the requirements of section 45(b)(7)(A) (prevailing wage requirements) and section 45(b)(8) (apprenticeship requirements);¹ or (iii) a facility that satisfies the requirements of section 45(b)(7)(A) and (8). The IRA also added bonus credit amounts with respect to qualified facilities placed in service after December 31, 2022, that meet domestic content requirements under section 45(b)(9)² or energy community requirements under section 45(b)(11).³

The IRA amended the phaseout of the section 45 credit for wind facilities under section 45(b)(5) such that it does not apply to facilities placed in service after December 31, 2021. The IRA also added a new phaseout of the section 45 credit under section 45(b)(10) in the case of qualified facilities placed in service after December 31, 2022, for taxpayers making an elective payment election under section 6417. The IRA also amended the credit amount reduction under section 45(b)(3) in the case of qualified facilities the construction of which began after August 16, 2022.

The IRA amended section 45(d)(4) to restore the section 45 credit for electricity produced in solar energy facilities in the case of qualified facilities placed in service after December 31, 2021, and the construction of which begins before January 1, 2025. Effective for facilities placed in service after December 31, 2022, the IRA amended the definition of marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy under section 45(c)(10) and the definition of a marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy facility under section 45(d)(11). The IRA extended certain deadlines in the definitions under section 45(d) for wind facilities, closed-loop biomass facilities, open-loop biomass facilities, geothermal facilities, landfill gas facilities, trash facilities, qualified hydropower facilities, and marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy facilities.

Section 45(a) provides that the renewable electricity production credit for any tax year is an amount equal to the product of the kilowatt hours of specified electricity produced by the taxpayer and sold to an unrelated person during the tax year multiplied by 1.5 cents (in the case of a qualified facility placed in service before January 1, 2022) or 0.3 cents (in the case of a qualified facility placed in service after December 31, 2021). This electricity must be produced from qualified energy resources and at a qualified facility during the 10-year period beginning on the date the facility was originally placed in service.

Section 45(b)(1) provides that the amount of the credit determined under section 45(a) is reduced by an amount which bears the same ratio to the amount of the credit as the amount by which the reference price for the calendar year in which the sale occurs exceeds 8 cents, bears to 3 cents. Under section 45(b)(2), the 1.5 cent (or 0.3 cent) amount in section 45(a) and the 8 cent amount in section 45(b)(1) are each adjusted by multiplying such amount by the inflation adjustment factor for the calendar year in which the sale occurs. In the case of any qualified facility placed in service before January 1, 2022, if any amount as increased under section 45(b)(2) is not a multiple of 0.1 cent, such amount is rounded to the nearest multiple of 0.1 cent. In the case of any qualified facility placed in service after December 31, 2021, if the 0.3 cent amount as increased under section 45(b)(2) is not a multiple of 0.05 cent, such amount is rounded to the nearest multiple of 0.05 cent.

In the case of electricity produced in open-loop biomass facilities, landfill gas facilities, trash facilities, qualified hydropower facilities, and marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy facilities, section 45(b)(4)(A) requires the amount in effect under section 45(a)(1) (determined before rounding as required by section 45(b)(2)) to be reduced by one-half. As amended by the IRA, the one-half reduction under section 45(b)(4)(A) no longer applies to qualified hydropower facilities and marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy facilities placed in service after December 31, 2022.

Section 45(b)(5) provides that in the case of any qualified wind facility placed in service before January 1, 2022, the amount of the credit determined under section 45(a) (determined after the application of section 45(b)(1), (2), and (3) and without regard to section 45(b)(5)) shall be reduced by (A) in the case of any facility the construction of which began after December 31, 2016, and before January 1, 2018, 20 percent, (B) in the case of any facility the construction of which began after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2019, 40 percent, (C) in the case of any facility the construction of which began after December 31, 2018, and before January 1, 2020, 60 percent, and (D) in the case of any facility the construction of which began after December 31, 2019, and before January 1, 2022, 40 percent.

Section 45(c)(1) defines qualified energy resources as wind, closed-loop biomass, open-loop biomass, geothermal energy, solar energy, small irrigation power,⁴ municipal solid waste, qualified hydropower production, and marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy.

Section 45(d)(1) defines a qualified facility using wind to produce electricity as any facility owned by the taxpayer that is originally placed in service after December 31, 1993, and the construction of which begins before January 1, 2025. See section 45(e)(7) for rules relating to the inapplicability of the credit to electricity sold to utilities under certain contracts.

Section 45(d)(2)(A) defines a qualified facility using closed-loop biomass to produce electricity as any facility owned by the taxpayer that is originally placed in service after December 31, 1992, and the construction of which begins before January 1, 2025, or owned by the taxpayer which before January 1, 2025, is originally placed in service and modified to use closed-loop biomass to co-fire with coal, with other biomass, or with both, but only if the modification is approved under the Biomass Power for Rural Development Programs or is part of a pilot project of the Commodity Credit Corporation as described in 65 FR 63052. For purposes of section 45(d)(2)(A)(ii), a facility shall be treated as modified before January 1, 2025, if the construction of such modification begins before such date. Section 45(d)(2)(C) provides that in the case of a qualified facility described in section 45(d)(2)(A)(ii), the 10-year period referred to in section 45(a) is treated as beginning no earlier than the date of the enactment of section 45(d)(2)(C)(i) (October 22, 2004), and if the owner of such facility is not the producer of the electricity, the person eligible for the credit allowable under section 45(a) is the lessee or the operator of such facility. A qualified facility using closed-loop biomass includes a new unit placed in service after the date of the enactment of section 45(d)(2)(B) (October 3, 2008) in connection with a qualified facility using closed-loop biomass, but only to the extent of the increased amount of electricity produced at the facility by reason of such new unit.

Section 45(d)(3)(A) defines a qualified facility using open-loop biomass to produce electricity as any facility owned by the taxpayer which in the case of a facility using agricultural livestock waste nutrients, is originally placed in service after the date of the enactment of section 45(d)(3)(A)(i)(I) (October 22, 2004) and the construction of which begins before January 1, 2025, and the nameplate capacity rating of which is not less than 150 kilowatts, and in the case of any other facility, the construction of which begins before January 1, 2025. In the case of any facility described in section 45(d)(3)(A), if the owner of such facility is not the producer of the electricity, section 45(d)(3)(C) provides that the person eligible for the credit allowable under section 45(a) is the lessee or the operator of such facility. A qualified facility using open-loop biomass includes a new unit placed in service after the date of the enactment of section 45(d)(3)(B) (October 3, 2008) in connection with a qualified facility using open-loop biomass, but only to the extent of the increased amount of electricity produced at the facility by reason of such new unit.

Section 45(d)(4) defines a qualified facility using geothermal energy to produce electricity as any facility owned by the taxpayer that is originally placed in service after the date of the enactment of section 45(d)(4) (October 22, 2004) and the construction of which begins before January 1, 2025. A qualified facility using geothermal energy does not include any property described in section 48(a)(3) the basis of which is taken into account by the taxpayer for purposes of determining the energy credit under section 48.

As amended by the IRA and effective for solar energy facilities placed in service after December 31, 2021, section 45(d)(4) also defines a qualified facility using solar energy to produce electricity as any facility owned by the taxpayer that is originally placed in service after the date of the enactment of section 45(d)(4) (October 22, 2004) and the construction of which begins before January 1, 2025. A qualified facility using solar energy does not include any property described in section 48(a)(3) the basis of which is taken into account by the taxpayer for purposes of determining the energy credit under section 48.

Section 45(d)(6) defines a qualified facility using gas derived from the biodegradation of municipal solid waste to produce electricity as any facility owned by the taxpayer that is originally placed in service after the date of the enactment of section 45(d)(6) (October 22, 2004) and the construction of which begins before January 1, 2025.

Section 45(d)(7) defines a qualified facility (other than a facility described in section 45(d)(6)) that uses municipal solid waste to produce electricity as any facility owned by the taxpayer that is originally placed in service after the date of the enactment of section 45(d)(7) (October 22, 2004) and the construction of which begins before January 1, 2025. A qualified facility using municipal solid waste includes a new unit placed in service in connection with a facility placed in service on or before the date of the enactment of section 45(d)(7), but only to the extent of the increased amount of electricity produced at the facility by reason of such new unit.

Section 45(d)(9) defines a qualified facility producing qualified hydroelectric production described in section 45(c)(8) as (i) any facility producing incremental hydropower production, but only to the extent of its incremental hydropower production attributable to efficiency improvements or additions to capacity described in section 45(c)(8)(B) placed in service after the date of the enactment of section 45(d)(9) (August 8, 2005) and before January 1, 2025, and (ii) any other facility placed in service after the date of the enactment of section 45(d)(9) (August 8, 2005) and the construction of which begins before January 1, 2025. Section 45(d)(9)(B) provides that, in the case of a qualified facility described in section 45(d)(9)(A), the 10-year period referred to in section 45(a) shall be treated as beginning on the date the efficiency improvements or additions to capacity are placed in service. Section 45(d)(9)(C) provides that for purposes of section 45(d)(9)(A)(i), an efficiency improvement or addition to capacity shall be treated as placed in service before January 1, 2025, if the construction of such improvement or addition begins before such date.

As amended by the IRA, section 45(d)(11) provides in the case of a facility producing electricity from marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy, the term “qualified facility” means any facility owned by the taxpayer which has a nameplate capacity rating of at least 150 kilowatts (or at least 25 kilowatts in the case of a facility placed in service after December 31, 2022), and is originally placed in service on or after the date of the enactment of section 45(d)(11) (October 3, 2008) and the construction of which begins before January 1, 2025.

Section 45(e)(2)(A) requires the Secretary to determine and publish in the Federal Register each calendar year the inflation adjustment factor and the reference price for such calendar year. The inflation adjustment factor and the reference price for the 2023 calendar year were published in the Federal Register at 88 FR 40400 on June 21, 2023.

Section 45(e)(2)(B) defines the inflation adjustment factor for a calendar year as a fraction the numerator of which is the GDP implicit price deflator for the preceding calendar year and the denominator of which is the GDP implicit price deflator for the calendar year 1992. The term “GDP implicit price deflator” means the most recent revision of the implicit price deflator for the gross domestic product as computed and published by the Department of Commerce before March 15 of the calendar year.

Section 45(e)(2)(C) provides that the reference price with respect to a calendar year is the Secretary’s determination of the annual average contract price per kilowatt hour of electricity generated from the same qualified energy resource and sold in the previous year in the United States. Only contracts entered into after December 31, 1989 are taken into account.

The inflation adjustment factor for calendar year 2023 for qualified energy resources is 1.8909.

The reference price for calendar year 2023 for facilities producing electricity from wind (based upon information provided by the Department of Energy) is 3.74 cents per kilowatt hour. The reference prices for facilities producing electricity from closed-loop biomass, open-loop biomass, geothermal energy, solar energy, municipal solid waste, qualified hydropower production, and marine and hydrokinetic energy have not been determined for calendar year 2023.

Because the 2023 reference price for electricity produced from wind (3.74 cents per kilowatt hour) does not exceed 8 cents multiplied by the inflation adjustment factor (1.8909), the phaseout of the credit provided in section 45(b)(1) does not apply to such electricity sold during calendar year 2023. However, section 45(b)(5) provides an additional phaseout of the credit for wind facilities placed in service before January 1, 2022, and the construction of which began after December 31, 2016. For electricity produced from closed-loop biomass, open-loop biomass, geothermal energy, solar energy, municipal solid waste, qualified hydropower production, and marine and hydrokinetic energy, the phaseout of the credit provided in section 45(b)(1) does not apply to such electricity sold during calendar year 2023.

As required by section 45(b)(2), the 1.5 cent amount provided in section 45(a)(1) is adjusted by multiplying such amount by the inflation adjustment factor for the calendar year in which the sale occurs. If any amount as increased under section 45(b)(2) is not a multiple of 0.1 cent, such amount is rounded to the nearest multiple of 0.1 cent. In the case of electricity produced in open-loop biomass facilities, landfill gas facilities, trash facilities, qualified hydropower facilities, and marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy facilities, section 45(b)(4)(A) requires the amount in effect under section 45(a)(1) (before rounding to the nearest 0.1 cent as required by section 45(b)(2)) to be reduced by one-half.

Under the calculation required by section 45(b)(2), the credit for renewable electricity production for calendar year 2023 determined under section 45(a) is 2.8 cents per kilowatt hour on the sale of electricity produced in any qualified facility placed in service before January 1, 2022, from the qualified energy resources of wind, closed-loop biomass, and geothermal energy, and 1.4 cents per kilowatt hour on the sale of electricity produced in any qualified facility placed in service before January 1, 2022, from the qualified energy resources of open-loop biomass, landfill gas, trash, qualified hydropower, and marine and hydrokinetic energy.

As required by section 45(b)(2), the 0.3 cent amount provided in section 45(a)(1) is adjusted by multiplying such amount by the inflation adjustment factor for the calendar year in which the sale occurs. If the 0.3 cent amount as adjusted for inflation is not a multiple of 0.05 cent, the amount is rounded to the nearest multiple of 0.05 cent. In the case of electricity produced in open-loop biomass facilities, landfill gas facilities, trash facilities, qualified hydropower facilities, and marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy facilities, section 45(b)(4)(A) requires the amount in effect under section 45(a)(1) (determined before rounding as required by section 45(b)(2)) to be reduced by one-half.

Under the calculation required by section 45(b)(2), the credit for renewable electricity production for calendar year 2023 determined under section 45(a) is 0.55 cents per kilowatt hour on the sale of electricity produced in any qualified facility placed in service after December 31, 2021, from the qualified energy resources of wind, closed-loop biomass, geothermal energy, and solar energy, and 0.3 cents per kilowatt hour on the sale of electricity produced in any qualified facility placed in service after December 31, 2021, from the qualified energy resources of open-loop biomass, landfill gas, trash, qualified hydropower, and marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy.

Under the calculation required by section 45(b)(2), the credit for renewable electricity production for calendar year 2023 determined under section 45(a) is 0.55 cents per kilowatt hour on the sale of electricity produced in any qualified facility placed in service after December 31, 2022, from the qualified energy resources of qualified hydropower and marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy.

The principal author of this notice is Charles Hyde of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Passthroughs & Special Industries). For further information regarding this notice contact Mr. Hyde at (202) 317-6853 (not a toll-free number).

¹ See Notice 2022-61, 2022-52 I.R.B. 560 (Dec. 27, 2022), for additional information regarding the prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements.

² See Notice 2023-38, 2023-22 I.R.B. 872 (May 12, 2023), for additional information regarding the domestic content bonus credit.

³ See Notice 2023-45, 2023-29 I.R.B. 317 (July 17, 2023), for additional information regarding the energy community bonus credit.

⁴ The section 45 credit is expired for small irrigation power facilities.

The principal author of this announcement is Samuel G. Trammell of the Office of the Associate Chief Counsel (Corporate). For further information regarding this announcement contact Mr. Trammell at (202) 317-6975 (not a toll-free number).

Section 412 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) prescribes minimum funding requirements for defined benefit pension plans. Section 430 specifies the minimum funding requirements that apply generally to defined benefit plans that are not multiemployer plans.¹ For a plan subject to section 430, section 430(a) defines the minimum required contribution for a plan year by reference to the plan’s funding target for the plan year. Under section 430(d)(1), a plan’s funding target for a plan year generally is the present value of all benefits accrued or earned under the plan as of the first day of that plan year.

Section 430(h)(2) provides rules regarding the interest rates to be used under section 430. Section 430(h)(2)(B) provides that a plan’s funding target and target normal cost for a plan year are determined using three interest rates: (1) the first segment rate, which applies to benefits reasonably determined to be payable during the 5-year period beginning on the valuation date; (2) the second segment rate, which applies to benefits reasonably determined to be payable during the next 15-year period; and (3) the third segment rate, which applies to benefits reasonably determined to be paid after that 15-year period. Under section 430(h)(2)(C)(i) through (iii), each of these segment rates is determined for a month on the basis of the corporate bond yield curve for the month, taking into account only that portion of the yield curve that is based on bonds maturing during the period for which the segment rate is used.

Section 430(h)(2)(C)(iv), which was added to the Code in 2012 by section 40211 of the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21^st Century Act, Pub. L.112-141, 126 Stat. 405, and has been modified several times since then (most recently in 2021 by section 80602 of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, Pub. L. 117-58, 135 Stat. 429), provides interest rate stabilization rules under which the segment rates are constrained by reference to the 25-year average segment rates. Under section 430(h)(2)(C)(iv), if a segment rate for a month is less than the applicable minimum percentage, or more than the applicable maximum percentage, of the average of the corresponding segment rates for years in the 25-year period ending with September 30 of the calendar year preceding the calendar year in which the plan year begins, then the segment rate for that month is equal to the applicable minimum percentage or the applicable maximum percentage of the corresponding 25-year average segment rate, whichever is closest. The last sentence of section 430(h)(2)(C)(iv)(I) provides that any 25-year average segment rate that is less than 5 percent is deemed to be 5 percent.

Under section 430(h)(2)(D)(i), the term “corporate bond yield curve” means, with respect to any month, a yield curve prescribed by the Secretary for the month that reflects the average, for the 24-month period ending with the month preceding such month, of monthly yields on investment grade corporate bonds with varying maturities and that are in the top 3 quality levels available. Section 430(h)(2)(D)(ii) permits a plan sponsor to elect to use the corporate bond yield curve, rather than the segment rates, to determine the plan’s minimum required contribution. The yield curve that applies pursuant to this election is determined without regard to 24-month averaging. This election, once made, may be revoked only with the consent of the Secretary.

Under section 430(h)(2)(F), the Secretary is instructed to publish for each month the corporate bond yield curve (without regard to the 24-month averaging specification), the segment rates described in section 430(h)(2)(C), and the 25-year averages of segment rates used under section 430(h)(4)(C)(iv). The Secretary is also instructed to publish a description of the methodology used to determine the yield curve and segment rates which is sufficiently detailed to enable plans to make reasonable projections regarding the yield curve and segment rates for future months based on the plan’s projection of future interest rates.

Section 1.430(h)(2)-1 was issued in 2009 to provide rules regarding the interest rates to be used under section 430. T.D. 9467, 74 FR 53004. Section 1.430(h)(2)-1(d) provides that the methodology for determining the yield curve is provided in guidance that is published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin. Notice 2007-81, 2007-2 CB 899, describes the methodology used by the Department of the Treasury (Treasury Department) to develop the corporate bond yield curve. Section 1.430(h)(2)-1(d) also provides that the yield curve for each month will be set forth in guidance published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin. Monthly IRS notices set forth the corporate bond yield curve for the month (without regard to the 24-month averaging specification), the section 430 segment interest rates (before and after adjustment pursuant to section 430(h)(3)(C)(iv)), and the 25-year average segment rates (which are updated annually).

Section 417(e)(3) provides assumptions for determining minimum present value for certain purposes, including the determination of a lump-sum that is the present value of an annuity, and prescribes an applicable interest rate for this purpose. Section 417(e)(3)(C) provides that the term “applicable interest rate” means the adjusted first, second, and third segment rates applied under rules similar to the rules of section 430(h)(2)(C) for the month before the date of a distribution or such other time as the Secretary may prescribe by regulations. However, for purposes of section 417(e)(3), these rates are determined without regard to the segment rate stabilization rules of section 430(h)(2)(C)(iv). In addition, under section 417(e)(3)(D), these rates are determined using the average yields for a month, rather than the 24-month average used under section 430(h)(2)(D).

Under section 846(c), the Secretary determines the applicable interest rate to be used by insurance companies to discount unpaid losses on the basis of the corporate bond yield curve (as defined in section 430(h)(2)(D)(i), determined by substituting “60-month period” for “24-month period”). Under §1.832-4(c), the applicable interest rate determined under section 846(c) is also used by insurance companies to discount estimated salvage recoverable, unless the Commissioner publishes applicable discount factors to be used for that purpose.

These proposed regulations specify the methodology used to develop the corporate bond yield curve. This methodology is generally the same as the methodology set forth in Notice 2007-81 but would include two refinements to take into account changes in the bond market since 2007. The proposed regulations would also amend the existing regulations under section 430(h)(2) to reflect the addition of the interest rate stabilization rules of section 430(h)(2)(C)(iv) and to eliminate transition rules that applied to plan years beginning before January 1, 2010.

Under these proposed regulations, as under Notice 2007-81, the monthly corporate bond yield curve for a month is defined as the set of spot rates at specified durations. The specified durations are at 6-month intervals ranging from 6 months through 100 years, and the spot rate at a duration is the yield (when compounded semiannually) for a bond that matures at that duration with a single payment at maturity. Each spot rate at a specified duration on the monthly corporate bond yield curve for a month is equal to the arithmetic average for each business day of that month of the spot rates at that duration on the daily corporate bond yield curves.

Under these proposed regulations, as under Notice 2007-81, each spot rate on the daily corporate bond yield curve is calculated using a discount function, which is derived from a forward interest rate function (that is, the projected instantaneous interest rate at each point in time). The forward interest rate function is defined by the selection of five coefficients of B-splines that are determined using the bond data and taking into account certain adjustment factors.

Two of those adjustment factors, which are included in the methodology set forth in Notice 2007-81, take into account the ratings of the bonds used to develop the daily corporate bond yield curve. The third adjustment factor, which was not included in the methodology set forth in that notice, is a hump adjustment variable that peaks at 20 years maturity² and serves to capture the effects of the hump in spot rates that is often seen around 20 years maturity.

These proposed regulations generally adopt the specification for the bond data set for a month in Notice 2007-81 but modify an exclusion from that bond data set. Under Notice 2007-81 and the proposed regulations, subject to certain exclusions, the bonds that are used to construct the daily corporate bond yield curve for a business day are bonds with the following characteristics: (1) maturities longer than a ½ year,³ (2) at least two payment dates, (3) designated as corporate, (4) high quality ratings (that is, AAA, AA, or A) as of that business day from the nationally recognized statistical rating organizations,⁴ (5) at least $250 million in par amount outstanding on at least one day during the month, (6) payment of fixed nominal semiannual coupons and the principal amount at maturity, and (7) maturity not later than 30 years after that day.

Under Notice 2007-81 and these proposed regulations, the following categories of bonds are excluded from the bond data set: (1) bonds not denominated in U.S. dollars, (2) bonds not issued by U.S. corporations, (3) bonds that are capital securities (sometimes referred to as hybrid preferred stock), (4) bonds having variable coupon rates, (5) convertible bonds, (6) bonds issued by a government-sponsored enterprise (such as the Federal National Mortgage Association), (7) asset-backed bonds, (8) putable bonds, (9) bonds with sinking funds, and (10) bonds with a par amount outstanding below $250 million for the day for which the daily yield curve is constructed.

Notice 2007-81 also excluded callable bonds (unless the call feature is make-whole) from the bond data set used to construct the daily corporate bond yield curve. The proposed regulations generally retain this exclusion but narrow it. Under the proposed regulations, this exclusion does not apply if the call feature is exercisable only during the last year before maturity. This type of call feature has recently become more widely used, and the inclusion of bonds with this feature in the data set will result in a significantly larger pool of bonds that more accurately reflects the market for high quality corporate bonds.

The rules in the proposed regulations are proposed to apply for months that begin more than 15 days after the date final regulations specifying the methodology for constructing the corporate bond yield curve are published in the Federal Register.

IRS Revenue Rulings, Revenue Procedures, and Notices cited in this document are published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin (or Cumulative Bulletin) and are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or by visiting the IRS website at www.irs.gov.

Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Orders 12866 and 13563)

These regulations are not subject to review under section 6(b) of Executive Order 12866 pursuant to the Memorandum of Agreement (April 11, 2018) between the Treasury Department and the Office of Management and Budget regarding review of tax regulations.

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. chapter 6).

It is hereby certified that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The vast majority of plan sponsors of defined benefit plans that are subject to section 430 choose to use the segment rates under section 430(h)(2)(C), rather than the corporate bond yield curve under section 430(h)(2)(D), to determine minimum required contributions. Furthermore, most of the plan sponsors who choose to use the corporate bond yield curve for this purpose are not small employers. Therefore, the methodology set forth in the proposed regulations for constructing the corporate bond yield curve will not have a significant effect on minimum required contributions for small employers. In addition, the insurance companies that are required to use a modified version of the corporate bond yield curve to discount unpaid losses are typically not small employers. Accordingly, a regulatory flexibility analysis under the Regulatory Flexibility Act is not required.

Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the Code, these proposed regulations will be submitted to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for comment on their impact on small business.

Comments and Requests for a Public Hearing

Before these proposed amendments to the regulation are adopted as a final regulation, consideration will be given to comments regarding the notice of proposed rulemaking that are submitted timely to the IRS as prescribed in the preamble under the ADDRESSES section. The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on all aspects of the proposed regulation. All comments will be made available at www.regulations.gov. Once submitted to the Federal eRulemaking Portal, comments cannot be edited or withdrawn.

A public hearing has been scheduled for August 30, 2023 beginning at 10 a.m. ET in the Auditorium of the Internal Revenue Building, 1111 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC. Due to building security procedures, visitors must enter at the Constitution Avenue entrance. In addition, all visitors must present photo identification to enter the building. Because of access restrictions, visitors will not be admitted beyond the immediate entrance area more than 30 minutes before the hearing starts. Participants may alternatively attend the public hearing by telephone. .

The rules of 26 CFR §601.601(a)(3) apply to the hearing. Persons who wish to present oral comments must submit an outline of the topics to be addressed and the time to be devoted to each topic by August 22, 2023, as prescribed in the preamble under the ADDRESSES section. A period of 10 minutes will be allocated to each person for making comments. An agenda showing the scheduling of the speakers will be prepared after the deadline for receiving outlines has passed. Copies of the agenda will be available free of charge at the hearing. If no outline of the topics to be discussed at the hearing is received by August 22, 2023, the public hearing will be cancelled. If the public hearing is cancelled, a notice of cancellation of the public hearing will be published in the Federal Register.

Individuals who want to testify in person at the public hearing must send an email to publichearings@irs.gov to have your name added to the building access list. The subject line of the email must contain the regulation number REG-124123-22 and the language TESTIFY In Person. For example, the subject line may say: Request to TESTIFY In Person at Hearing for REG-124123-22.

Individuals who want to testify by telephone at the public hearing must send an email to publichearings@irs.gov to receive the telephone number and access code for the hearing. The subject line of the email must contain the regulation number REG-124123-22 and the language TESTIFY Telephonically. For example, the subject line may say: Request to TESTIFY Telephonically at Hearing for REG-124123-22.

Individuals who want to attend the public hearing in person without testifying must also send an email to publichearings@irs.gov to have your name added to the building access list. The subject line of the email must contain the regulation number REG-124123-22 and the language ATTEND In Person. For example, the subject line may say: Request to ATTEND Hearing In Person for REG-124123-22. Requests to attend the public hearing must be received by 5:00 p.m. EST on August 28, 2023.

Individuals who want to attend the public hearing by telephone without testifying must also send an email to publichearings@irs.gov to receive the telephone number and access code for the hearing. The subject line of the email must contain the regulation number REG-124123-22 and the language ATTEND Hearing Telephonically. For example, the subject line may say: Request to ATTEND Hearing Telephonically for REG-124123-22. Requests to attend the public hearing must be received by 5:00 p.m. EST on August 28, 2023.

Hearings will be made accessible to people with disabilities. To request special assistance during a hearing please contact the Publications and Regulations Branch of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Procedure and Administration) by sending an email to publichearings@irs.gov (preferred) or by telephone at (202) 317-6901 (not a toll-free number) at least August 25, 2023.

The principal authors of these regulations are Arslan Malik and Linda S. F. Marshall of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Employee Benefits, Exempt Organizations, and Employment Taxes). However, other personnel from the Treasury Department and the IRS participated in the development of these regulations.

Income taxes, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Accordingly, the Treasury Department and the IRS propose to amend 26 CFR part 1 as follows:

PART 1—INCOME TAXES

Paragraph 1. The authority citation for part 1 continues to read in part as follows:

Authority: 26 U.S.C. 7805 * * *

Par. 2. Amend § 1.430(h)(2)-1 as follows:

1. Amend paragraph (a)(1) by removing the phrase “and transition rules” in the last sentence.

2. Revise paragraph (b)(2).

3. Amend paragraph (c)(1) by removing the last sentence.

4. Amend paragraphs (c)(2)(i), (c)(2)(ii), and (c)(2)(iii) by removing the phrase “under the transition rule of paragraph (h)(4) of this section” and adding the phrase “under the interest rate stabilization rules in section 430(h)(2)(C)(iv)” in its place.

5. Revise paragraph (d).

6. Remove paragraph (e)(3) and redesignate paragraph (e)(4) as paragraph (e)(3) and paragraph (e)(5) as paragraph (e)(4).

7. In newly redesignated paragraph (e)(3)(ii), remove the phrase “this paragraph (e)(4)” and add the phrase “this paragraph (e)(3)” in its place.

8. Revise paragraph (h).

The revisions and additions read as follows:

§1.430(h)(2)-1 Interest rates used to determine present value.

* * * * *

(b) * * *

(2) In the case of benefits expected to be payable during the 5-year period beginning on the valuation date for the plan year, the interest rate used in determining the present value of the benefits that are included in the target normal cost and the funding target for the plan is the first segment rate with respect to the applicable month, as described in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section.

* * * * *

(d) Monthly corporate bond yield curve—(1) In general—(i) Construction of monthly corporate bond yield curve. For purposes of this section, the monthly corporate bond yield curve for a month is defined as the set of spot rates at specified durations. The specified durations are at 6-month intervals ranging from 6 months through 100 years and the spot rate at a duration is the yield (when compounded semiannually) for a bond that matures at that duration with a single payment at maturity. The monthly corporate bond yield curve is constructed as the average of the spot rates from the set of daily corporate bond yield curves as specified in paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section. Each daily corporate bond yield curve is constructed using the methodology set forth in paragraph (d)(2) of this section based on the data described in paragraph (d)(3) of this section. Note 1 to paragraph (d)(1) of this section, the yield curve for each month will be published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin. See § 601.601(d) of this chapter.

(ii) Monthly corporate bond yield curve constructed through averaging. Each spot rate at a specified duration on the monthly corporate bond yield curve for a month is equal to the arithmetic average, for each business day of that month, of the spot rates at that duration on the daily corporate bond yield curves.

(2) Construction of the daily corporate bond yield curve—(i) In general—(A) Calculation of spot rates. Each spot rate at duration t on a daily corporate bond yield curve is calculated from the discount function described in paragraph (d)(2)(i)(B) of this section and the hump adjustment variable described in paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(D) of this section.

(B) Derivation of discount function. The discount function for a day at duration t is derived from the forward interest rate function as described in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section (denoted f(z)) using the following equation:

(ii) Determination of forward interest rates—(A) In general. The forward interest rate function used to derive the discount function is determined as a series of cubic polynomials (referred to as a cubic spline) that have a smooth junction at specified knot points (maturities of 0, 1.5, 3, 7, 15, and 30 years). The requirement that the polynomials have a smooth junction at a knot point is satisfied if the two polynomials that are meeting at the knot have the same value, the same derivative, and the same second derivative at that knot point.

(B) Constraints on the forward interest function. The following three constraints are placed on the forward interest rate function—

(1) The second derivative of the function is set to zero at maturity zero.

(2) The value of the forward interest rate function at and after 30 years is constrained to equal its average value from 15 to 30 years.

(3) The derivative of the forward interest rate function is set to zero at maturity 30 years.

(iii) Parameters for daily bond price model—(A) B-spline coefficients. The assumed cubic spline for the forward interest rate function can be described as a linear combination of B-splines, with five parameters, which are determined taking into account the two coefficients for the bond-quality adjustment variables described in paragraphs (d)(2)(iii)(B) and (C) of this section and the coefficient for the hump adjustment variable described in paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(D) of this section. The five parameters and three coefficients are determined using the bond data weighted as described in paragraph (d)(2)(iv) of this section. After this weighting of the bond data, the five parameters and three coefficients are chosen to minimize the sum of the squared differences between the bid price for each of the bonds (or ask price for commercial paper) and the price estimated for each of those bonds determined using the specified parameters and coefficients, and taking into account the bond’s coupon rate, number of years until maturity, and rating.

(B) Adjustment factor for share of bonds that are AA-rated. The first adjustment variable is based on the proportion of bonds that are rated AA within the universe of bonds in the data set that are rated AA or AAA, weighted by par value. In the case of an AAA-rated bond the adjustment variable described in this paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(B) is equal to the product of the proportion described in the preceding sentence and the number of years until maturity for the bond. In the case of an AA-rated bond the adjustment variable described in this paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(B) is equal to the product of (1- that proportion) and the number of years until maturity for the bond. In the case of an A-rated bond, the adjustment variable described in this paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(B) is set to 0.

(C) Adjustment factor for share of bonds that are A-rated. The second adjustment variable is based on the proportion of bonds rated A within the universe of bonds in the data set, weighted by par value. In the case of an AAA-rated bond or an AA-rated bond, the adjustment variable described in this paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(C) is equal to the product of the proportion described in the preceding sentence and the number of years until maturity for the bond. In the case of an A-rated bond the adjustment variable described in this paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(C) is equal to the product of (1- that proportion) and the number of years until maturity for the bond.

(D) Hump adjustment variable. The hump adjustment variable is a mathematical function that is a cubic spline in the interval from 10 years maturity through 30 years maturity made up of two polynomials with a smooth junction (as described in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(A) of this section) at 20 years maturity. The spline rises from zero at 10 years maturity to 1.0 at 20 years maturity, then falls back down to zero at 30 years maturity. The hump adjustment variable is zero for maturities less than 10 years and maturities greater than 30 years.

(iv) Weighting of bond data. The bond data are weighted in two steps. First, equal weights are assigned to the commercial paper rates at the short end of the curve, and the par amounts outstanding of all the bonds are rescaled so that their sum equals the sum of the weights for commercial paper. Then, the squared price difference for each bond is multiplied by the bond’s rescaled par amount outstanding, and the squared difference for each commercial paper rate is multiplied by the commercial paper weight. In the second stage, applicable for bonds with duration greater than 1, the weighted squared price difference for each bond from the first stage is divided by the bond’s duration.

(3) Data used—(i) In general. Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph (d)(3), the bonds that are used to construct the daily corporate bond yield curve for a business day are bonds with maturities longer than a ½ year, with at least two payment dates, and that:

(A) Are designated as corporate;

(B) Have high quality ratings (AAA, AA, or A) as of that business day from the nationally recognized statistical rating organizations;

(C) Have at least $250 million in par amount outstanding on at least one day during the month;

(D) Pay fixed nominal semiannual coupons and the principal amount at maturity; and

(E) Mature not later than 30 years after that business day.

(ii) Excluded bonds. The following types of bonds are not used to construct the daily corporate bond yield curve for a date:

(A) Bonds not denominated in U.S. dollars;

(B) Bonds not issued by U.S. corporations;

(C) Bonds that are capital securities (sometimes referred to as hybrid preferred stock);

(D) Bonds having variable coupon rates;

(E) Convertible bonds;

(F) Bonds issued by a government-sponsored enterprise (such as the Federal National Mortgage Association);

(G) Asset-backed bonds;

(H) Callable bonds unless the call feature is make-whole or the call feature is exercisable only during the last year before maturity;

(I) Putable bonds;

(J) Bonds with sinking funds; and

(K) Bonds with a par amount outstanding below $250 million for the day for which the daily yield curve is constructed.

(iii) Durations equal to or below a ½ year. The data for durations equal to or below a ½ year that is used to construct the daily corporate bond yield curve consists of AA financial and AA nonfinancial commercial paper rates, as reported by the Federal Reserve Board.

* * * *

(h) Applicability date of regulations. This section applies to months that begin more than 15 days after the date final regulations issued pursuant to these proposed regulations are published in the Federal Register. For rules that apply for earlier periods, see §1.430(h)(2)-1, as it appeared in the April 1, 2022, edition of 26 CFR part 1.

Douglas W. O’Donnell,

Deputy Commissioner for Services and Enforcement.

(Filed by the Office of the Federal Register June 22, 2023, 8:45 a.m., and published in the issue of the Federal Register for June 23, 2023, 88 FR 41047)

¹ Section 302 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, Pub. L. No. 93-406, 88 Stat. 829 (1974), as amended (ERISA) sets forth funding rules that are parallel to those in section 412 of the Code, and section 303 of ERISA sets forth additional funding rules for defined benefit plans (other than multiemployer plans) that are parallel to those in section 430 of the Code. Pursuant to section 101 of Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1978, 5 U.S.C. App., as amended, the Secretary of the Treasury has interpretive jurisdiction over the subject matter addressed in these regulations for purposes of ERISA, as well as the Code. Thus, these Treasury regulations issued under section 430 of the Code also apply for purposes of section 303 of ERISA.

² The hump adjustment variable is a mathematical function that is a cubic spline in the interval from 10 years maturity through 30 years maturity made up of two polynomials with a smooth junction at 20 years maturity.

³ Under Notice 2007-81 and the proposed regulations, the data for durations equal to or below ½ year that is used to construct the daily corporate bond yield curve consists of AA financial and AA nonfinancial commercial paper rates, as reported by the Federal Reserve Board.

⁴ Although section 939A(b) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, Pub. L. 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376, generally prohibits federal agencies from issuing regulations that apply a standard that is based on credit ratings from statistical rating organizations, this prohibition does not apply to the construction of the daily corporate bond yield curve because the use of those credit ratings is required by section 430(h)(2)(D) of the Code.