Table of Contents
- Purpose of Form
- Who Must File
- Termination of Election
- Electronic Filing
- When To File
- Who Must Sign
- Paid Preparer Authorization
- Assembling the Return
- Depository Methods of Tax Payment
- Estimated Tax Payments
- Interest and Penalties
- Accounting Methods
- Accounting Period
- Rounding Off to Whole Dollars
- Recordkeeping
- Amended Return
- Other Forms and Statements That May Be Required
- Passive Activity Limitations
- Extraterritorial Income Exclusion
Use Form 1120S to report the income, gains, losses, deductions, credits, etc., of a domestic corporation or other entity for any tax year covered by an election to be an S corporation. For details about the election, see Form 2553, Election by a Small Business Corporation, and its instructions.
A corporation or other entity must file Form 1120S if (a) it elected to be an S corporation by filing Form 2553, (b) the IRS accepted the election, and (c) the election remains in effect. After filing Form 2553, you should have received confirmation that Form 2553 was accepted. If you did not receive notification of acceptance or nonacceptance of the election within 2 months of filing Form 2553 (5 months if you checked box Q1 to request a letter ruling), take follow-up action by calling 1-800-829-4933. Do not file Form 1120S for any tax year before the year the election takes effect.
If you have not filed Form 2553, or did not file Form 2553 on time, you may be entitled to relief for a late filed election to be an S corporation. See the Instructions for Form 2553 for details.
Once the election is made, it stays in effect until it is terminated. If the election is terminated, the corporation (or a successor corporation) can make another election on Form 2553 only with IRS consent for any tax year before the 5th tax year after the first tax year in which the termination took effect. See Regulations section 1.1362-5 for details.
An election terminates automatically in any of the following cases.
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The corporation is no longer a small business corporation as defined in section 1361(b). This kind of termination of an election is effective as of the day the corporation no longer meets the definition of a small business corporation. Attach to Form 1120S for the final year of the S corporation a statement notifying the IRS of the termination and the date it occurred.
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The corporation, for each of three consecutive tax years, (a) has accumulated earnings and profits and (b) derives more than 25% of its gross receipts from passive investment income as defined in section 1362(d)(3)(C). The election terminates on the first day of the first tax year beginning after the third consecutive tax year. The corporation must pay a tax for each year it has excess net passive income. See the instructions for excess net passive income tax on line 22a on page 18 for details on how to figure the tax.
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The election is revoked. An election can be revoked only with the consent of shareholders who, at the time the revocation is made, hold more than 50% of the number of issued and outstanding shares of stock (including non-voting stock). The revocation can specify an effective revocation date that is on or after the day the revocation is filed. If no date is specified, the revocation is effective at the start of the tax year if the revocation is made on or before the 15th day of the 3rd month of that tax year. If no date is specified and the revocation is made after the 15th day of the 3rd month of the tax year, the revocation is effective at the start of the next tax year.
To revoke the election, the corporation must file a statement with the service center where it filed its election to be an S corporation. In the statement, the corporation must notify the IRS that it is revoking its election to be an S corporation. The statement must be signed by each shareholder who consents to the revocation and contain the information required by Regulations section 1.1362-6(a)(3).
A revocation can be rescinded before it takes effect. See Regulations section 1.1362-6(a)(4) for details.
For rules on allocating income and deductions between an S short year and a C short year and other special rules that apply when an election is terminated, see section 1362(e) and Regulations section 1.1362-3.
If an election was terminated under 1 or 2 on page 2, and the corporation believes the termination was inadvertent, the corporation can request permission from the IRS to continue to be treated as an S corporation. See Regulations section 1.1362-4 for the specific requirements that must be met to qualify for inadvertent termination relief.
Corporations can generally electronically file (e-file) Form 1120S, related forms, schedules, and attachments, Form 7004, Form 940 and 941 employment tax returns. Form 1099 and other information returns can also be electronically filed. However, the option to e-file does not apply to certain returns, including:
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Returns with precomputed penalty and interest,
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Returns with reasonable cause for failing to file timely,
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Returns with reasonable cause for failing to pay timely, and
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Returns with request for overpayment to be applied to another account.
Generally, an S corporation must file Form 1120S by the 15th day of the 3rd month after the end of its tax year. For calendar year corporations, the due date is March 17, 2008. A corporation that has dissolved must generally file by the 15th day of the 3rd month after the date it dissolved.
If the due date falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the corporation can file on the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday.
If the S corporation election was terminated during the tax year and the corporation reverts to a C corporation, file Form 1120S for the S corporation's short year by the due date (including extensions) of the C corporation's short year return.
Corporations can use certain private delivery services designated by the IRS to meet the “timely mailing as timely filing/paying” rule for tax returns and payments. These private delivery services include only the following.
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DHL Express (DHL): DHL Same Day Service, DHL Next Day 10:30 am, DHL Next Day 12:00 pm, DHL Next Day 3:00 pm, and DHL 2nd Day Service.
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Federal Express (FedEx): FedEx Priority Overnight, FedEx Standard Overnight, FedEx 2Day, FedEx International Priority, and FedEx International First.
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United Parcel Service (UPS): UPS Next Day Air, UPS Next Day Air Saver, UPS 2nd Day Air, UPS 2nd Day Air A.M., UPS Worldwide Express Plus, and UPS Worldwide Express.
The private delivery service can tell you how to get written proof of the mailing date.
File the corporation's return at the applicable IRS address listed below.
| If the corporation's principal business, office, or agency is located in: | And the total assets at the end of the tax year (Form 1120S, page 1, item F) are: | Use the following address: |
| Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin | Less than $10 million and Schedule M-3 is not filed $10 million or more or less than $10 million and Schedule M-3 is filed |
Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service Center Cincinnati, OH 45999-0013 Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service Center Ogden, UT 84201-0013 |
| Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wyoming | Any amount |
Department of the Treasury
Internal Revenue Service Center Ogden, UT 84201-0013 |
| A foreign country or U.S. possession | Any amount |
Internal Revenue Service Center
P.O. Box 409101 Ogden, UT 84409 |
The return must be signed and dated by:
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The president, vice president, treasurer, assistant treasurer, chief accounting officer; or
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Any other corporate officer (such as tax officer) authorized to sign.
If a return is filed on behalf of a corporation by a receiver, trustee, or assignee, the fiduciary must sign the return, instead of the corporate officer. Returns and forms signed by a receiver or trustee in bankruptcy on behalf of a corporation must be accompanied by a copy of the order or instructions of the court authorizing signing of the return or form.
If an employee of the corporation completes Form 1120S, the paid preparer's space should remain blank. Anyone who prepares Form 1120S but does not charge the corporation should not complete that section. Generally, anyone who is paid to prepare the return must sign it and fill in the “Paid Preparer's Use Only” area.
The paid preparer must complete the required preparer information and:
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Sign the return in the space provided for the preparer's signature.
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Give a copy of the return to the taxpayer.
Note.
A paid preparer may sign original or amended returns by rubber stamp, mechanical device, or computer software program.
If the corporation wants to allow the IRS to discuss its 2007 tax return with the paid preparer who signed it, check the “Yes” box in the signature area of the return. This authorization applies only to the individual whose signature appears in the “Paid Preparer's Use Only” section of the return. It does not apply to the firm, if any, shown in that section.
If the “Yes” box is checked, the corporation is authorizing the IRS to call the paid preparer to answer any questions that may arise during the processing of its return. The corporation is also authorizing the paid preparer to:
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Give the IRS any information that is missing from the return,
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Call the IRS for information about the processing of the return or the status of any related refund or payment(s), and
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Respond to certain IRS notices about math errors, offsets, and return preparation.
The corporation is not authorizing the paid preparer to receive any refund check, bind the corporation to anything (including any additional tax liability), or otherwise represent the corporation before the IRS.
The authorization will automatically end no later than the due date (excluding extensions) for filing the corporation's 2008 tax return. If the corporation wants to expand the paid preparer's authorization or revoke the authorization before it ends, see Pub. 947, Practice Before the IRS and Power of Attorney.
To ensure that the corporation's tax return is correctly processed, attach all schedules and other forms after page 4 of Form 1120S in the following order.
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Schedule N (Form 1120).
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Form 8825.
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Form 8050.
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Form 4136.
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Additional schedules in alphabetical order.
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Additional forms in numerical order.
Complete every applicable entry space on Form 1120S and Schedule K-1. Do not enter “See Attached” instead of completing the entry spaces. If more space is needed on the forms or schedules, attach separate sheets using the same size and format as the printed forms. If there are supporting statements and attachments, arrange them in the same order as the schedules or forms they support and attach them last. Show the totals on the printed forms. Enter the corporation's name and EIN on each supporting statement or attachment.
The corporation must pay any tax due in full no later than the 15th day of the 3rd month after the end of the tax year. The two methods of depositing taxes are discussed below.
The corporation must make electronic deposits of all depository taxes (such as employment tax, excise tax, and corporate income tax) using the Electronic Federal Tax Payment System (EFTPS) in 2008 if:
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The total deposits of such taxes in 2006 were more than $200,000 or
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The corporation was required to use EFTPS in 2007.
If the corporation is required to use EFTPS and fails to do so, it may be subject to a 10% penalty. If the corporation is not required to use EFTPS, it can participate voluntarily. To enroll in or get more information about EFTPS, call 1-800-555-4477. To enroll online, visit www.eftps.gov.
If the corporation does not use EFTPS, deposit corporation income tax payments (and estimated tax payments) with Form 8109, Federal Tax Deposit Coupon. If you do not have a preprinted Form 8109, use Form 8109-B to make deposits. You can get this form by calling 1-800-829-4933 or visiting an IRS taxpayer assistance center. Have your EIN ready when you call or visit.
Do not send deposits directly to an IRS office; otherwise, the corporation may have to pay a penalty. Mail or deliver the completed Form 8109 with the payment to an authorized depositary (a commercial bank or other financial institution authorized to accept federal tax deposits). Make checks or money orders payable to the depositary.
If the corporation prefers, it can mail the coupon and payment to: Financial Agent, Federal Tax Deposit Processing, P.O. Box 970030, St. Louis, MO 63197. Make the check or money order payable to “Financial Agent.”
To help ensure proper crediting, enter the corporation's EIN, the tax period to which the deposit applies, and “Form 1120S” on the check or money order. Darken the “1120” box under “Type of Tax” and the appropriate “Quarter” box under “Tax Period” on the coupon. Records of these deposits will be sent to the IRS. For more information, see “Marking the Proper Tax Period” in the instructions for Form 8109.
For more information on deposits, see the instructions in the coupon booklet (Form 8109) and Pub. 583, Starting a Business and Keeping Records.
Generally, the corporation must make installment payments of estimated tax for the following taxes if the total of these taxes is $500 or more: (a) the tax on built-in gains, (b) the excess net passive income tax, and (c) the investment credit recapture tax.
The amount of estimated tax required to be paid annually is the smaller of: (a) the total of the above taxes shown on the return for the tax year (or if no return is filed, the total of these taxes for the year) or (b) the sum of (i) the investment credit recapture tax and the built-in gains tax shown on the return for the tax year (or if no return is filed, the total of these taxes for the tax year) and (ii) any excess net passive income tax shown on the corporation's return for the preceding tax year. If the preceding tax year was less than 12 months, the estimated tax must be determined under (a).
The estimated tax is generally payable in four equal installments. However, the corporation may be able to lower the amount of one or more installments by using the annualized income installment method or adjusted seasonal installment method under section 6655(e).
For a calendar year corporation, the payments are due for 2008 by April 15, June 16, September 15, and December 15. For a fiscal year corporation, they are due by the 15th day of the 4th, 6th, 9th, and 12th months of the year. If any date falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the installment is due on the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday.
The corporation must make the payments using the depository method described on page 4.
For information on penalties that apply if the corporation fails to make required payments, see the Instructions for Form 2220.
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Form 720, Quarterly Federal Excise Tax Return;
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Form 941, Employer's QUARTERLY Federal Tax Return;
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Form 943, Employer's Annual Federal Tax Return for Agricultural Employees; or
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Form 945, Annual Return of Withheld Federal Income Tax.
Figure income using the method of accounting regularly used in keeping the corporation's books and records. The method used must clearly reflect income. Permissible methods include cash, accrual, or any other method authorized by the Internal Revenue Code.
The following rules apply.
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Generally, an S corporation cannot use the cash method of accounting if it is a tax shelter (as defined in section 448(d)(3)). See section 448 for details.
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Unless it is a qualifying taxpayer or a qualifying small business taxpayer, a corporation must use the accrual method for sales and purchases of inventory items. See Schedule A. Cost of Goods Sold on page 18.
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Special rules apply to long-term contracts. See section 460.
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Generally, dealers in securities must use the mark-to-market accounting method. Dealers in commodities and traders in securities and commodities can elect to use the mark-to-market accounting method. See section 475.
See Form 3115 and Pub. 538, Accounting Periods and Methods, for more information on accounting methods.
A corporation must figure its income on the basis of a tax year. A tax year is the annual accounting period a corporation uses to keep its records and report its income and expenses.
An S corporation must use one of the following tax years.
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A tax year ending December 31.
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A natural business year.
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An ownership tax year.
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A tax year elected under section 444.
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A 52-53 week tax year that ends with reference to a year listed above.
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Any other tax year (including a 52-53-week tax year) for which the corporation establishes a business purpose.
A new S corporation must use Form 2553 to elect a tax year. To later change the corporation's tax year, see Form 1128, Application To Adopt, Change, or Retain a Tax Year, and its instructions (unless the corporation is making an election under section 444, discussed next).
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Changes its accounting period to a calendar year or some other permitted year,
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Is penalized for willfully failing to comply with the requirements of section 7519, or
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Terminates its S election (unless it immediately becomes a personal service corporation).
The corporation can round off cents to whole dollars on its return and schedules. If the corporation does round to whole dollars, it must round all amounts. To round, drop amounts under 50 cents and increase amounts from 50 to 99 cents to the next dollar. For example, $1.39 becomes $1 and $2.50 becomes $3.
If two or more amounts must be added to figure the amount to enter on a line, include cents when adding the amounts and round off only the total.
Keep the corporation's records for as long as they may be needed for the administration of any provision of the Internal Revenue Code. Usually, records that support an item of income, deduction, or credit on the return must be kept for 3 years from the date each shareholder's return is due or filed, whichever is later. Keep records that verify the corporation's basis in property for as long as they are needed to figure the basis of the original or replacement property.
The corporation should keep copies of all filed returns. They help in preparing future and amended returns.
To correct a previously filed Form 1120S, file an amended Form 1120S and check box H(4) on page 1. Attach a statement that identifies the line number of each amended item, the corrected amount or treatment of the item, and an explanation of the reasons for each change.
If the income, deductions, credits, or other information provided to any shareholder on Schedule K-1 is incorrect, file an amended Schedule K-1 (Form 1120S) for that shareholder with the amended Form 1120S. Also give a copy of the amended Schedule K-1 to that shareholder. Check the “Amended K-1” box at the top of the Schedule K-1 to indicate that it is an amended Schedule K-1.
A change to the corporation's federal return may affect its state return. This includes changes made as the result of an IRS examination. For more information, contact the state tax agency for the state(s) in which the corporation's return was filed.
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Any listed transaction, which is a transaction that is the same as or substantially similar to tax avoidance transactions identified by the IRS.
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Any transaction offered under conditions of confidentiality for which the corporation paid an advisor a fee of at least $50,000.
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Certain transactions for which the corporation has contractual protection against disallowance of the tax benefits.
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Certain transactions resulting in a loss of at least $2 million in any single year or $4 million in any combination of years.
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Certain transactions resulting in a tax credit of more than $250,000, if the corporation held the asset generating the credit for 45 days or less.
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Any transaction identified by the IRS in published guidance as a “transaction of interest” (a transaction that the IRS believes has a potential for tax avoidance or evasion, but has not yet been identified as a listed transaction).
In general, section 469 limits the amount of losses, deductions, and credits that shareholders can claim from “passive activities.” The passive activity limitations do not apply to the corporation. Instead, they apply to each shareholder's share of any income or loss and credit attributable to a passive activity. Because the treatment of each shareholder's share of corporate income or loss and credit depends on the nature of the activity that generated it, the corporation must report income or loss and credits separately for each activity.
The following instructions and the instructions for Schedules K and K-1 (pages 20 through 34) explain the applicable passive activity limitation rules and specify the type of information the corporation must provide to its shareholders for each activity. If the corporation had more than one activity, it must report information for each activity on an attachment to Schedules K and K-1.
Generally, passive activities include (a) activities that involve the conduct of a trade or business if the shareholder does not materially participate in the activity and (b) all rental activities (defined below) regardless of the shareholder's participation. For exceptions, see Activities That Are Not Passive Activities below. The level of each shareholder's participation in an activity must be determined by the shareholder.
The passive activity rules provide that losses and credits from passive activities can generally be applied only against income and tax from passive activities. Thus, passive losses and credits cannot be applied against income from salaries, wages, professional fees, or a business in which the shareholder materially participates; against “portfolio income” (defined on page 8); or against the tax related to any of these types of income.
Special rules require that net income from certain activities that would otherwise be treated as passive income must be recharacterized as nonpassive income for purposes of the passive activity limitations. See Recharacterization of Passive Income on page 9.
To allow each shareholder to correctly apply the passive activity limitations, the corporation must report income or loss and credits separately for each of the following: trade or business activities, rental real estate activities, rental activities other than rental real estate, and portfolio income.
The following are not passive activities.
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Trade or business activities in which the shareholder materially participated for the tax year.
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Any rental real estate activity in which the shareholder materially participated if the shareholder met both of the following conditions for the tax year.
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More than half of the personal services the shareholder performed in trades or businesses were performed in real property trades or businesses in which he or she materially participated.
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The shareholder performed more than 750 hours of services in real property trades or businesses in which he or she materially participated.
For purposes of this rule, each interest in rental real estate is a separate activity unless the shareholder elects to treat all interests in rental real estate as one activity.
If the shareholder is married filing jointly, either the shareholder or his or her spouse must separately meet both of the above conditions, without taking into account services performed by the other spouse.
A real property trade or business is any real property development, redevelopment, construction, reconstruction, acquisition, conversion, rental, operation, management, leasing, or brokerage trade or business. Services the shareholder performed as an employee are not treated as performed in a real property trade or business unless he or she owned more than 5% of the stock in the employer.
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The rental of a dwelling unit used by a shareholder for personal purposes during the year for more than the greater of 14 days or 10% of the number of days that the residence was rented at fair rental value.
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An activity of trading personal property for the account of owners of interests in the activity. For purposes of this rule, personal property means property that is actively traded, such as stocks, bonds, and other securities. See Temporary Regulations section 1.469-1T(e)(6).
Note.
The section 469(c)(3) exception for a working interest in oil and gas properties does not apply to an S corporation because state law generally limits the liability of shareholders.
A trade or business activity is an activity (other than a rental activity or an activity treated as incidental to an activity of holding property for investment) that:
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Involves the conduct of a trade or business (within the meaning of section 162),
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Is conducted in anticipation of starting a trade or business, or
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Involves research or experimental expenditures deductible under section 174 (or that would be if you chose to deduct rather than capitalize them).
If the shareholder does not materially participate in the activity, a trade or business activity of the corporation is a passive activity for the shareholder.
Each shareholder must determine if he or she materially participated in an activity. As a result, while the corporation's ordinary business income (loss) is reported on page 1 of Form 1120S, the specific income and deductions from each separate trade or business activity must be reported on attachments to Form 1120S. Similarly, while each shareholder's allocable share of the corporation's ordinary business income (loss) is reported in box 1 of Schedule K-1, each shareholder's allocable share of the income and deductions from each trade or business activity must be reported on attachments to each Schedule K-1. See Passive Activity Reporting Requirements on page 10 for more information.
Generally, except as noted below, if the gross income from an activity consists of amounts paid principally for the use of real or personal tangible property held by the corporation, the activity is a rental activity.
There are several exceptions to this general rule. Under these exceptions, an activity involving the use of real or personal tangible property is not a rental activity if any of the following apply.
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The average period of customer use (defined on page 7) for such property is 7 days or less.
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The average period of customer use for such property is 30 days or less and significant personal services (defined on page 7) are provided by or on behalf of the corporation.
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Extraordinary personal services (defined on page 8) are provided by or on behalf of the corporation.
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Rental of the property is treated as incidental to a nonrental activity of the corporation under Temporary Regulations section 1.469-1T(e)(3)(vi) and Regulations section 1.469-1(e)(3)(vi).
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The corporation customarily makes the property available during defined business hours for nonexclusive use by various customers.
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The corporation provides property for use in a nonrental activity of a partnership in its capacity as an owner of an interest in such partnership. Whether the corporation provides property used in an activity of a partnership in the corporation's capacity as an owner of an interest in the partnership is determined on the basis of all the facts and circumstances.
In addition, a guaranteed payment described in section 707(c) is never income from a rental activity.
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How often the services are provided,
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The type and amount of labor required to perform the services, and
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The value of the services in relation to the amount charged for use of the property.
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Services necessary to permit the lawful use of the rental property.
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Services performed in connection with improvements or repairs to the rental property that extend the useful life of the property substantially beyond the average rental period.
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Services provided in connection with the use of any improved real property that are similar to those commonly provided in connection with long-term rentals of high-grade commercial or residential property. Examples include cleaning and maintenance of common areas, routine repairs, trash collection, elevator service, and security at entrances.
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The main purpose for holding the property is to realize a gain from the appreciation of the property.
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The gross rental income from such property for the tax year is less than 2% of the smaller of the property's unadjusted basis or its fair market value.
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The corporation owns an interest in the trade or business at all times during the year.
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The rental property was mainly used in the trade or business activity during the tax year or during at least 2 of the 5 preceding tax years.
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The gross rental income from the property for the tax year is less than 2% of the smaller of the property's unadjusted basis or its fair market value.
Generally, portfolio income includes all gross income, other than income derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business, that is attributable to interest; dividends; royalties; income from a real estate investment trust, a regulated investment company, a real estate mortgage investment conduit, a common trust fund, a controlled foreign corporation, a qualified electing fund, or a cooperative; income from the disposition of property that produces income of a type defined as portfolio income; and income from the disposition of property held for investment. See Self-Charged Interest on page 9 for an exception.
Solely for purposes of the preceding paragraph, gross income derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business includes (and portfolio income, therefore, does not include) the following types of income.
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Interest income on loans and investments made in the ordinary course of a trade or business of lending money.
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Interest on accounts receivable arising from the performance of services or the sale of property in the ordinary course of a trade or business of performing such services or selling such property, but only if credit is customarily offered to customers of the business.
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Income from investments made in the ordinary course of a trade or business of furnishing insurance or annuity contracts or reinsuring risks underwritten by insurance companies.
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Income or gain derived in the ordinary course of an activity of trading or dealing in any property if such activity constitutes a trade or business (unless the dealer held the property for investment at any time before such income or gain is recognized).
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Royalties derived by the taxpayer in the ordinary course of a trade or business of licensing intangible property.
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Amounts included in the gross income of a patron of a cooperative by reason of any payment or allocation to the patron based on patronage occurring with respect to a trade or business of the patron.
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Other income identified by the IRS as income derived by the taxpayer in the ordinary course of a trade or business.
See Temporary Regulations section 1.469-2T(c)(3) for more information on portfolio income.
Report portfolio income and related deductions on Schedule K rather than on page 1 of Form 1120S.
Certain self-charged interest income and deductions may be treated as passive activity gross income and passive activity deductions if the loan proceeds are used in a passive activity. Generally, self-charged interest income and deductions result from loans between the corporation and its shareholders. Self-charged interest also occurs in loans between the corporation and another S corporation or partnership if each owner in the borrowing entity has the same proportional ownership interest in the lending entity.
The self-charged interest rules do not apply to a shareholder's interest in an S corporation if the S corporation makes an election under Regulations section 1.469-7(g) to avoid the application of these rules. To make the election, the S corporation must attach to its original or amended Form 1120S a statement that includes the name, address, and EIN of the S corporation and a declaration that the election is being made under Regulations section 1.469-7(g). The election will apply to the tax year for which it was made and all subsequent tax years. Once made, the election can only be revoked with the consent of the IRS.
For more details on the self-charged interest rules, see Regulations section 1.469-7.
Generally, one or more trade or business or rental activities may be treated as a single activity if the activities make up an appropriate economic unit for measurement of gain or loss under the passive activity rules. Whether activities make up an appropriate economic unit depends on all the relevant facts and circumstances. The factors given the greatest weight in determining whether activities make up an appropriate economic unit are:
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Similarities and differences in types of trades or businesses,
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The extent of common control,
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The extent of common ownership,
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Geographical location, and
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Reliance between or among the activities.
Example.
The corporation has a significant ownership interest in a bakery and a movie theater in Baltimore and a bakery and a movie theater in Philadelphia. Depending on the relevant facts and circumstances, there may be more than one reasonable method for grouping the corporation's activities. For instance, the following groupings may or may not be permissible.
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A single activity.
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A movie theater activity and a bakery activity.
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A Baltimore activity and a Philadelphia activity.
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Four separate activities.
Once the corporation chooses a grouping under these rules, it must continue using that grouping in later tax years unless a material change in the facts and circumstances makes it clearly inappropriate.
The IRS may regroup the corporation's activities if the corporation's grouping fails to reflect one or more appropriate economic units and one of the primary purposes for the grouping is to avoid the passive activity limitations.
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A rental activity with a trade or business activity unless the activities being grouped together make up an appropriate economic unit and:
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The rental activity is insubstantial relative to the trade or business activity or vice versa or
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Each owner of the trade or business activity has the same proportionate ownership interest in the rental activity. If so, the portion of the rental activity involving the rental of property to be used in the trade or business activity can be grouped with the trade or business activity.
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An activity involving the rental of real property with an activity involving the rental of personal property (except personal property provided in connection with the real property or vice versa).
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Any activity with another activity in a different type of business and in which the corporation holds an interest as a limited partner or as a limited entrepreneur (as defined in section 464(e)(2)) if that other activity engages in holding, producing, or distributing motion picture films or videotapes; farming; leasing section 1245 property; or exploring for or exploiting oil and gas resources or geothermal deposits.
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Each other,
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Activities conducted directly by the corporation, or
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Activities conducted through other partnerships.
Under Temporary Regulations section 1.469-2T(f) and Regulations section 1.469-2(f), net passive income from certain passive activities must be treated as nonpassive income. Net passive income is the excess of an activity's passive activity gross income over its passive activity deductions (current year deductions and prior year unallowed losses).
Income from the following six sources is subject to recharacterization.
Note.
Any net passive income recharacterized as nonpassive income is treated as investment income for purposes of figuring investment interest expense limitations if it is from (a) an activity of renting substantially nondepreciable property from an equity-financed lending activity or (b) an activity related to an interest in a pass-through entity that licenses intangible property.
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Significant participation passive activities. A significant participation passive activity is any trade or business activity in which the shareholder participated for more than 100 hours during the tax year but did not materially participate. Because each shareholder must determine his or her level of participation, the corporation will not be able to identify significant participation passive activities.
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Certain nondepreciable rental property activities. Net passive income from a rental activity is nonpassive income if less than 30% of the unadjusted basis of the property used or held for use by customers in the activity is subject to depreciation under section 167.
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Passive equity-financed lending activities. If the corporation has net income from a passive equity-financed lending activity, the smaller of the net passive income or the equity-financed interest income from the activity is nonpassive income.
Note.
The amount of income from the activities in items 1 through 3 above that any shareholder will be required to recharacterize as nonpassive income may be limited under Temporary Regulations section 1.469-2T(f)(8). Because the corporation will not have information regarding all of a shareholder's activities, it must identify all corporate activities meeting the definitions in items 2 and 3 as activities that may be subject to recharacterization.
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Rental of property incidental to a development activity. Net rental activity income is the excess of passive activity gross income from renting or disposing of property over passive activity deductions (current year deductions and prior year unallowed losses) that are reasonably allocable to the rented property. Net rental activity income is nonpassive income for a shareholder if all of the following apply.
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The corporation recognizes gain from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of the rental property during the tax year.
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The use of the item of property in the rental activity started less than 12 months before the date of disposition. The use of an item of rental property begins on the first day on which (a) the corporation owns an interest in the property, (b) substantially all of the property is either rented or held out for rent and ready to be rented, and (c) no significant value-enhancing services remain to be performed.
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The shareholder materially or significantly partic
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